Journal of Pediatric Surgery
Volume 42, Issue 10 , Pages 1677-1682 , October 2007

Calcium carbonate gallstones in children

  • Mark D. Stringer

      Affiliations

    • Children's Liver Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
    • ,
  • Roger D. Soloway

      Affiliations

    • Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0764, USA
    • ,
  • Donald R. Taylor

      Affiliations

    • Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0764, USA
    • ,
  • Kallingal Riyad

      Affiliations

    • Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
    • ,
  • Giles Toogood

      Affiliations

    • Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK

References 

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  3. Miltenburg DM, Schaffer R, Breslin T, et al. Changing indications for pediatric cholecystectomy. Pediatric. 2000;105:1250–1253
  4. Soloway RD, Wu J. Analysis of gallstones. In:  Muraca M editors. Methods in biliary research. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc.; 1995;p. 167–190
  5. Soloway RD, Kemmer NM, Wu J. Pigment gallstones. In:  Afdhal NH editors. Gallbladder and biliary tract diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 2000;p. 147–164
  6. Trotman BW, Ostrow JD, Soloway RD. Pigment vs. cholesterol cholelithiasis: comparison of stone and bile composition. Am J Dig Dis. 1974;19:585–590
  7. Takiff H, Fonkalsrud EW. Gallbladder disease in childhood. Am J Dis Child. 1984;138:565–568
  8. O'Brien CB, Berman JM, Fleming CR, et al. Total parenteral nutrition gallstones contain more calcium bilirubinate than sickle cell gallstones. Gastroenterology. 1986;90:1752(A)
  9. Stringer MD, Taylor DR, Soloway RD. Gallstone composition: are children different?. J Pediatr. 2003;142:435–440
  10. Taylor DR, Crowther RS, Cozart JC, et al. Calcium carbonate in cholesterol gallstones: polymorphism, distribution, and hypothesis about pathogenesis. Hepatology. 1995;22:488–496
  11. Soloway RD, Trotman BW, Maddrey WC, et al. Pigment gallstone composition in patients with hemolysis or infection/stasis. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31:454–460
  12. Malet PF, Dabezies MA, Huang GH, et al. Quantitative infrared spectroscopy of common bile duct gallstones. Gastroenterology. 1988;94:1217–1221
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  14. Ruiz de Aguiar A, Medina Nunez JA, Lopez Domingo MI, et al. Calcium carbonate in cholesterol gallstones. J Hepatol. 1988;6:71–79
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  16. Sutor DJ, Wooley SE. The nature and incidence of gallstones containing calcium. Gut. 1973;14:215–220
  17. Sutor DJ, Wooley SE. A statistical survey of the composition of gallstones in eight countries. Gut. 1971;12:55–64
  18. Beauregard WG, Ferguson WT. Milk of calcium cholecystitis. J Pediatr. 1980;96:876–877
  19. Wu SS, Casas AT, Abraham SK, et al. Milk of calcium cholelithiasis in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36:644–647
  20. Tseng M, Everhart JE, Sandler RS. Dietary intake and gallbladder disease: a review. Public Health Nutr. 1999;2:161–172
  21. Phemister DB, Aronsohn HG, Pepinsky R. Variation in the cholesterol, bile pigment and calcium salts contents of gallstones formed in the gallbladder and in bile ducts with the degree of associated obstruction. Ann Surg. 1939;109:161–186
  22. Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Moore EW. Human gallbladder mucosal function. Effect of concentration and acidification of bile on cholesterol and calcium solubility. Gastroenterology. 1990;99:1452–1459
  23. Trotman BW, Morris TA, Cheney HM, et al. Pigment gallstone composition in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic subjects. Am J Dig Dis. 1978;23:872–876
  24. Trotman BW, Soloway RD. Pigment vs cholesterol cholelithiasis: clinical and epidemiologic aspects. Am J Dig Dis. 1975;20:735–740
  25. Hikasa Y, Nagase M, Soloway RD, et al. Gallstones in western Japan—epidemiologic factors affecting the type and location of gallstones. Nippon Geka Hokan. 1981;50:272–288
  26. Rios-Dalenz J, Takabayashi A, Henson DE, et al. Cancer of the gallbladder in Bolivia: suggestions concerning etiology. Am J Gastroenterol. 1985;80:371–375
  27. Strom BL, Soloway RD, Rios-Dalenz J, et al. Biochemical epidemiology of gallbladder cancer. Hepatology. 1996;23:1402–1411
  28. Crowther RS, Soloway RD. Pigment gallstone pathogenesis: from man to molecules. Semin Liver Dis. 1990;10:171–180
  29. Leung JWC, Sung JY, Costerton JW. Bacteriological and electron microscopy examination of brown pigment stones. J Clin Microbiol. 1989;27:915–921

PII: S0022-3468(07)00360-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.05.022

Journal of Pediatric Surgery
Volume 42, Issue 10 , Pages 1677-1682 , October 2007

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