Highlights
- •What is currently known about this topic? The optimal timing of surgical repair for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support remains controversial.
- •What new information is contained in this article? Early CDH repair can be associated with a significantly lower incidence of bleeding and shorter duration of ECMO. Profound azotemia can be an independent, potentially modifiable risk factor for surgical bleeding associated with delayed CDH repair on ECMO.
Abstract
Background
The optimal timing of surgical repair for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia
(CDH) treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support remains controversial.
The risk of surgical bleeding is considered by many centers as a primary factor in
determining the preferred timing of CDH repair for infants requiring ECMO support.
This study compares surgical bleeding following CDH repair on ECMO in early versus
delayed fashion.
Methods
A retrospective review of 146 infants who underwent CDH repair while on ECMO support
from 1995 to 2021. Early repair occurred during the first 48 h after ECMO cannulation
(ER) and delayed repair after 48 h (DR). Surgical bleeding was defined by the requirement
of reoperative intervention for hemostasis or decompression.
Results
102 infants had ER and 44 infants DR. Surgical bleeding was more frequent in the DR
group (36% vs 5%, p < 0.001) with an odds ratio of 11.7 (95% CI: 3.48–39.3, p < 0.001).
Blood urea nitrogen level on the day of repair was significantly elevated among those
who bled (median 63 mg/dL, IQR 20–85) vs. those who did not (median 9 mg/dL, IQR 7–13)
(p < 0.0001). Duration of ECMO support was shorter in the ER group (median 13 vs 18
days, p = 0.005). Survival was not statistically different between the two groups
(ER 60% vs. DR 57%, p = 0.737).
Conclusion
We demonstrate a significantly lower incidence of bleeding and shorter duration of
ECMO with early CDH repair. Azotemia was a strong risk factor for surgical bleeding
associated with delayed CDH repair on ECMO.
Level of evidence
Level III cohort study.
Keywords
Abbreviations:
CDH (congenital diaphragmatic hernia), ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), PPLV (percent predicted lung volume), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), BUN (blood urea nitrogen), Cr (creatinine level), PTT (partial thrombin time), ACT (activated clotting time), CDHSG (Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group), IQR (interquartile range), OR (odds ratio), CI (confidence interval), CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation)To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: January 03, 2023
Accepted:
December 25,
2022
Received in revised form:
December 11,
2022
Received:
August 17,
2022
Publication stage
In Press Corrected ProofIdentification
Copyright
© 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
